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Lets go through the most prominent Indian Religions and their dietary restrictions on food!
Lets go through the most prominent Indian Religions and their dietary restrictions on food!
Hinduism
Hinduism
Processed beef
Animal-derived fats (eg. lard, drippings)
Islam
Islam
Non-Halal food:
Bacon/ ham/ pork
Other meats from hooved animals (horse and deer)
L-cysteine or cysteine (additive derived from duck feathers/ human hair; used as a dough conditioner in baked goods)
Carmine (a red dye made from crushed bugs; used to colour foods like fruit filling, candy, jellies, jams, and dessert powders)
Shellac (gives glossy coating to candies and chewing gum)
Sikhism
Sikhism
Amritdhari sikhs can not eat processed fish, meat and egg
Halal/ Kosher meat ( the ritually slaughtered meats of Islam and Judaism)
Animal shortening (Made from animal fat/ oil; used to make crumbly pastry and other food products)
Gelatin (Made from animal by-products; used in jello, marshmallows, gummy bears)
Jainism
Jainism
Processed food containing underground roots (potatoes, carrots, onions, etc.)
Any non-vegetarian food
Sources
Sources
Developed vs Developing countries
Developed vs Developing countries
African Union
Cereals and grain products (34.0%), sugar, syrups, sweets and snacks (9.8%), meat and eggs (8.8%) were the biggest contributors among processed foods for energy intake, packaged cookies, beer, traditional Mandazi, noodles, dried fish, butchered meat, cheese were also amongst the most widely consumed.
In Africa, Processed foods had an overall market volume of US$204.10bn in 2024.
In Eastern and Southern Africa (Tschirley et al., 2015), urban households dedicate 56 percent of food expenditure to processed foods, while rural households spend 29 percent on processed foods
However, In Kenya, the share of calories from ultra-processed foods is still small, amounting to just 8.1% of total calories. Despite these small shares, there is a consistent significant association of the consumption of ultra-processed foods with overweight and obesity for adult women
On average in the African continent, Ultra-processed food forms an overall 12% of the consumption of the poor, versus 20% and 32% for the lower- and upper-middle strata.
African consumers have purchased increasing amounts of processed food over the past 50 years. In the past several decades, overweight and obesity have joined the long-standing high levels of stunting and wasting among children and extreme thinness among women of childbearing age. Together these phenomena have formed a double burden of malnutrition (DBM).
The DBM has emerged as an important health problem all across the African Union. The rise of the DBM and the increase in ultra-processed food consumption are heavily linked.
USA
Fizzy drinks packaged snacks; sweets and chocolate; ice-cream; biscuits, cakes and pastries; sausages and burgers; packaged pies and pizzas; and chicken nuggets are the most commonly consumed processed foods in the USA.
Today, ultra-processed foods make up 73% of the US food supply
The average adult in the US gets more than 60% of their daily calories from ultra-processed foods.
In USA, ultra-processed foods are 52 percent cheaper than less processed alternatives, on average.
About 76% of Americans are unfamiliar with what qualifies as an ultra-processed food.1 More specifically, 66% of people said they’d never heard the term “ultra-processed,” while 10% said they were unsure.
The intake of ready-to-eat or heat meals, like frozen dinners, increased the most, while the intake of some sugary foods and drinks declined. In contrast, the consumption of whole foods decreased from 32.7 percent to 27.4 percent of calories, mostly due to people eating less meat and dairy.
A 10% increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with an increase of 0.38 kg/m2 in BMI
Nearly 1 in 3 adults (30.7%) are overweight. More than 1 in 3 men (34.1%) and more than 1 in 4 women (27.5%) are overweight. More than 2 in 5 adults (42.4%) have obesity (including severe obesity). About 1 in 11 adults (9.2%) have severe obesity.
New research has found that the risk of obesity is 45 percent higher among adolescents whose diet is based on ultra-processed food products
Europe
The top five most consumed processed foods in Europe include fine bakery wares (26.9%), sausages (12.5%), composite dishes (9.5%), margarines (7.9%) and sauces (7.6%)
The average proportion of daily food consumption amount from UPFs was 6.7%
The average energy intake from UPFDs was 562 kcal/day, representing an average share of total energy intake of 27.2%
4461 participants out of 266,666 European participants developed multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases. Higher UPF consumption was associated with an increased risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases. Among UPF subgroups, associations were most notable for animal-based products, and artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages.
China
The most highly consumed processed product in China is pork products due to economic and cultural factors. along with milk, dairy, sausage and chicken.
Processed animal-source products accounted for 19.3% of the processed food consumption on average.
The Processed food market in China is projected to grow by 7.56% (2024-2028) resulting in a market volume of US$2182.00bn in 2028.
Processed food purchases are growing at the rate of 50% per year
74.5% of participants consumed processed foods, excluding edible oils and other condiments; 28.5% of participants' total daily energy intake (EI) was from processed foods.
Children and teenagers in megacities had the highest proportion of EI (40.2%) from processed foods. People who lived in megacities or highly urbanized neighborhoods with higher incomes and educational achievement consumed more processed foods.
As a result, 23 percent of Chinese boys and 14 percent of girls under age 20 are overweight or obese.
China has the world’s largest convenience food market estimated at 559 Billion Chinese yens
With weekly working hours increasing, convenience foods are expected to remain popular in the coming years. Amongst these convenience foods, frozen meals are the most popular comprising 30.4% of the market
Summary
A clear pattern in developed countries is that the consumption of ultra-processed foods is growing which has been correlated with the rise of multimorbidity cancers and cardiometabolic diseases. There is no clear benefit from the rise of processed food consumption apart from affordability for lower socioeconomic classes which make up a minimal percentage of the population. Despite higher rates of literacy, there is still a lack of awareness regarding the impacts of Processed foods.
In developing countries, there is also a rising trend in processed foods consumption. Obesity is increasing but primarily in more urbanized areas. Rural areas show a similar trend but the health effects are less radical. Seeing as lower socioeconomic classes make up a high percentage of the population, processed foods remain the most affordable source for most people at the same time significant proportions of the population do not have accessibility to these processed foods leading to double burden malnutrition disease. Lack of awareness about the negative impacts of processed foods is caused by low literacy rates.
Nutritional deficiencies are not merely the result of low food availability but also poor consumer food behaviors and eating practices. They are in turn, shaped by much powerful marketing, psychosocial, and other behavioral factors. Intakes of processed foods also increase by income levels. Thus, people are eating both healthier and unhealthier foods as their incomes increase. This suggests that improving nutrition outcomes is possible through influencing consumers’ dietary choices towards healthier and more nutritious diets, even when resources are limited. Fortunately, in developing countries where processed and ultra-processed foods are not as consumed, there is still an opportunity to guide the diet transition towards healthier foods.
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